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Rust
impl Trait — Static Dispatch Returns
When you want to return a complex iterator chain or closure, you don't need to spell out the type. `impl Trait` lets the compiler infer the concrete type while exposing only the API contract.
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Rust
Trait Objects (dyn Trait)
When you need a heterogeneous collection — different concrete types behind one trait — use `Box<dyn Trait>`. Costs one indirection (vtable) but enables polymorphism that `impl Trait` can't.
Rust
Trait with Default Methods
A trait can supply default implementations — implementors override only the bits they need. Like abstract base classes, but with structural typing and zero runtime cost.
Rust
Generic Function with Trait Bounds
Use `T: Trait` to require a capability on a generic parameter. The `where` clause is the more readable variant when bounds get long.
Rust
From / Into Conversions
Implement `From` and you get `Into` for free. Then `.into()` and `T::from(x)` both work. The single most idiomatic way to express type conversions in Rust.