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#php
#kotlin
#bash
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#rust
#typescript
#html
#java
#python
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Python
NewType for Nominal IDs
Python's type system is structural — `UserId` and `PostId` are both just `int` unless you ask otherwise. `NewType` creates a distinct type with zero runtime cost for static checking only.
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Rust
Newtype Pattern (zero-cost wrappers)
Wrap a primitive in a tuple struct to give it a distinct type identity at the type level — without runtime cost. Replaces "is this number a UserId or a PostId?" bugs.
TypeScript
Branded Types (nominal typing)
TypeScript is structurally typed, so `string` and `string` are interchangeable even when they semantically aren't (UserId vs PostId). The "brand" trick adds a phantom property that exists only at compile time, giving you nominal-ish typing.