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Kotlin
Immutable vs Mutable Collections
`listOf` / `setOf` / `mapOf` build READ-ONLY views; `mutableListOf` / `mutableSetOf` / `mutableMapOf` are mutable. Default to immutable — the call site is a contract about intent.
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Java
Immutable Collections — List.of / Map.of
Java 9+ static factory methods return immutable collections with no nulls allowed. Concise, fast, and safer to share across threads or APIs than mutable equivalents.