#hierarchy Clear
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Java Custom Exception Hierarchy
For library/service code, define a small exception hierarchy rooted at a common base class. Callers can catch the base type or specific subclasses; you can add fields for structured context.
SQL Recursive CTE — Walk a Hierarchy
`WITH RECURSIVE` lets a CTE refer to itself. The standard way to walk parent/child trees (org charts, comment threads, category nestings) in a single query.
SQL Self-Join — Org Chart / Hierarchies
A self-join is just a regular join with the same table aliased twice. The canonical example is an employee table where each row points to a manager in the same table.